{"title":"Titanium Tubing","description":"\u003cp\u003eGr1 and Gr9 titanium tubes of various ID and OD. Lightweight, strong, corrosion-proof and extremely versatile - titanium tubing is the professional's choice for your most demanding structural or fluid transport needs.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"titanium-tube","title":"Titanium Gr9 Tube (Ti-3Al-2.5V) Seamless CWSR ERTi-9 up to 2.5m length","description":"\u003cp\u003eGrade 9 titanium is the structural fabricator's dream for lightweight, corrosion resistant components of any size. ERTi-9 Titanium has matching properties to ASTM base metal Grade 9 titanium and also known as the half version of Grade 5 titanium. Used for applications where better ductility, formability and weldability are needed but a lower tensile are acceptable. Often used in oil production, aircraft honeycomb foil, piping and pressure vessels frames and hydraulic system tubing, as well as sports equipment, including tennis rackets, bicycles and golf clubs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeamless, CWST tubing in stock, or made-to-order.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePipe stock is 2.5 meters (98.4 inches) long. Additional shipping charges may apply for oversize\/over dimension lengths.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll tubes are Cold-Worked Stress-Relieved condition – typical for high-performance bicycle frames, aerospace hydraulics, and structural applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial Properties – CWSR Condition:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eValue (Metric)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eValue (US)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003eNotes\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eUltimate Tensile Strength (UTS)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e900 – 965 MPa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e130 – 140 ksi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003eMin 860 MPa \/ 125 ksi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.2% Yield Strength\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e760 – 860 MPa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e110 – 125 ksi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003eMin 725 MPa \/ 105 ksi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eElongation (in 50 mm \/ 2 in)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e10 – 15 %\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e10 – 15 %\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eModulus of Elasticity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e110 GPa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e16.0 × 10⁶ psi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eShear Modulus\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e~42 GPa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e~6.1 × 10⁶ psi\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003ePoisson’s Ratio\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.32\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.32\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eDensity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e4.48 g\/cm³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.162 lb\/in³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTube Dimensions and Calculated Section Properties (CWSR):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSize (US)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSize (Metric)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eOD\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eID\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eWall (t)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eMetal Area\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eMoment of Inertia I\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSection Modulus Z\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003ePolar Moment J (≈2I)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.5\" × 0.035\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e12.7 mm × 0.89 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e12.70 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e10.92 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.89 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e34.4 mm²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.238 kg\/m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e1.54 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.121 × 10⁶ mm³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e3.08 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.500 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.430 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.035 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.0533 in²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.160 lb\/ft\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.00370 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.00740 in³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.00740 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.75\" × 0.052\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e19.05 mm × 1.32 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e19.05 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e16.41 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.32 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e76.8 mm²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.531 kg\/m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e5.16 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.406 × 10⁶ mm³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e10.3 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.750 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.646 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.052 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.119 in²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.357 lb\/ft\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0124 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0248 in³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0248 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e1.0\" × 0.065\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e25.4 mm × 1.65 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e25.40 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e22.10 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.65 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e127 mm²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.879 kg\/m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e11.9 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.939 × 10⁶ mm³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e23.8 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.000 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.870 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.065 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.197 in²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.591 lb\/ft\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0286 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0573 in³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.0572 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e1.5\" × 0.087\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e38.1 mm × 2.21 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e38.10 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e33.68 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e2.21 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e257 mm²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e1.78 kg\/m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e53.7 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e2.82 × 10⁶ mm³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e107 × 10⁶ mm⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.500 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.326 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.087 in\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.398 in²\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e1.194 lb\/ft\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.129 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.172 in³\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e0.258 in⁴\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 dir=\"auto\"\u003eRecommended Mandrel Bend Radii (Centerline Radius – CLR) for CWSR Grade 9 Titanium\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(Cold bending with proper mandrel and wiper die; boost recommended on larger sizes)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eTube OD\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eTightest Practical CLR (experienced shop, low ovality \u0026lt;5%)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eRecommended Production CLR (safe, \u0026lt;3% ovality, \u0026lt;1% thinning)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003eAbsolute Minimum CLR (risk of wrinkling\/cracking)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e12.7 mm (0.5\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e25 mm (1.0\") → ~2.0 × OD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e38 mm (1.5\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e19 mm (not advised in CWSR)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e19.05 mm (0.75\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e44 mm (1.75\") → ~2.3 × OD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e57 – 64 mm (2.25 – 2.5\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e38 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e25.4 mm (1.0\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e63 mm (2.5\") → ~2.5 × OD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e76 – 89 mm (3.0 – 3.5\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e51 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e38.1 mm (1.5\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e114 mm (4.5\") → ~3.0 × OD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e152 mm (6.0\")\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xs\"\u003e95 mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRule of thumb for CWSR Grade 9:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMinimum CLR ≈ 2.5 – 3.0 × OD for reliable production bends\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3–4 × OD is very safe and common in high-end bicycle frames\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTighter than 2× OD in CWSR usually requires hot bending or annealed material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4 dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4 dir=\"auto\"\u003eMaximum Allowable Bending Stress (approximate, no safety factor)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing typical CWSR yield 800 MPa \/ 116 ksi: M_max = Z × σ_y → allowable bending moment before yielding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eTube Size\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eAllowable Moment (yield)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.5\" × 0.035\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e~97 N·m (860 lb·in)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e0.75\" × 0.052\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e~325 N·m (2,880 lb·in)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.0\" × 0.065\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e~751 N·m (6,650 lb·in)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e1.5\" × 0.087\"\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e~2,260 N·m (20,000 lb·in)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis data package is what most high-end frame builders and aerospace shops use when working with these exact Grade 9 CWSR tube sets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey Differences Between Annealed and CWSR Ti-3Al-2.5V (Grade 9) Tubing:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eProperty \/ Characteristic\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eAnnealed (fully recrystallized)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR (Cold-Worked Stress-Relieved)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003ePractical Impact for Frame Building \/ Fabrication\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eUltimate Tensile Strength (UTS)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e620–800 MPa (90–116 ksi)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e860–965 MPa (125–140 ksi)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR is ~30–40 % stronger\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e0.2 % Yield Strength\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e480–650 MPa (70–94 ksi)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e725–860 MPa (105–125 ksi)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR has ~50–70 % higher yield → stiffer, dent-resistant frames\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eElongation (ductility)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e15–20 %\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e10–15 %\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eAnnealed is noticeably more forgiving when bending\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eMinimum bend radius (typical safe)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e1.5–2.0 × OD (very tight bends possible)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e2.5–3.5 × OD (3–4 × OD recommended for production)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eAnnealed allows much tighter bends without cracking or excessive ovality\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eSpring-back during bending\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eModerate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eHigh (10–20 % more than annealed)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR requires more over-bend compensation on the bender\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eOvality \u0026amp; wall thinning tolerance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eCan tolerate 8–10 % ovality and more thinning\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eMust keep \u0026lt;3–5 % ovality and \u0026lt;8 % thinning or risk cracking\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR needs better tooling (mandrel, wiper, boost)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eFatigue strength\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eGood (~350–450 MPa)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eExcellent (~450–550 MPa)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR is preferred for high-stress bicycle and aerospace applications\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eWeldability\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eExcellent\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eVery good, but slightly narrower parameter window\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eBoth weld well; CWSR just needs a touch more care\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003ePost-bend heat treatment possible?\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eUsually not needed\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCan be locally annealed after very tight bends if required\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eRarely done, but possible on CWSR to recover ductility in bent areas\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eTypical applications\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eCustom one-off frames, very complex geometries\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eVast majority of high-end production Ti frames (Seven, Moots, Litespeed, Firefly, etc.)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR is the “standard” for modern Ti frames because the strength advantage outweighs the slightly harder bending\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eCost\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eUsually same tube price, but more labor to bend\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSame tube price\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eFabricating CWSR takes longer → higher shop labor cost\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuick Decision Guide for a Fabricator:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eWant →\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eChoose\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eAbsolute tightest bends, complex shapes, one-off art bikes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eAnnealed\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eMaximum strength \u0026amp; stiffness, best fatigue life, production-friendly geometries\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCWSR (this is what 95 % of high-end Ti frames use today)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSomewhere in between\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eSome builders buy CWSR and locally anneal only the tight bends (advanced technique)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCWSR is the go-to for almost all modern titanium bicycle frames because the strength and fatigue benefits far outweigh the slightly larger bend radii required. Annealed is reserved for builders who need to hit extremely tight radii that CWSR simply won’t allow without cracking.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Nexmetal Corporation","offers":[{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 1\" (25 mm)","offer_id":43847124746282,"sku":"217-1","price":4.07,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 2\" (51 mm)","offer_id":43847131365418,"sku":"217-2","price":5.41,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 3\" (76 mm)","offer_id":43847131398186,"sku":"217-3","price":6.74,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 4\" (102 mm)","offer_id":43847131430954,"sku":"217-4","price":8.08,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 5\" (127 mm)","offer_id":43847131463722,"sku":"217-5","price":9.42,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 6\" (15 cm)","offer_id":43847131496490,"sku":"217-6","price":10.76,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 8\" (20 cm)","offer_id":43847131529258,"sku":"217-8","price":13.43,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 10\" (25 cm)","offer_id":43847131562026,"sku":"217-10","price":16.11,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 12\" (30 cm)","offer_id":43847131594794,"sku":"217-12","price":18.78,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 14\" (36 cm)","offer_id":43847131627562,"sku":"217-14","price":21.46,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 16\" (40 cm)","offer_id":43847131660330,"sku":"217-16","price":24.13,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 18\" (46 cm)","offer_id":43847131693098,"sku":"217-18","price":26.81,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 24\" (61 cm)","offer_id":43847131725866,"sku":"217-24","price":33.92,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 30\" (76 cm)","offer_id":43847131758634,"sku":"217-30","price":42.86,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 36\" (91 cm)","offer_id":43847131791402,"sku":"217-36","price":55.44,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 49.2\" (1.25 m)","offer_id":43847131824170,"sku":"217-half","price":66.14,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.5\" x .035\" WT (12.7mm OD * 10.92mm ID - 0.89mm WT) \/ 98.4\" (2.5 m)","offer_id":43847131856938,"sku":"217-full","price":132.28,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 1\" (25 mm)","offer_id":43847124713514,"sku":"215-1","price":6.33,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 2\" (51 mm)","offer_id":43847130841130,"sku":"215-2","price":9.66,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 3\" (76 mm)","offer_id":43847130873898,"sku":"215-3","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 4\" (102 mm)","offer_id":43847130906666,"sku":"215-4","price":16.32,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 5\" (127 mm)","offer_id":43847130939434,"sku":"215-5","price":19.65,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 6\" (15 cm)","offer_id":43847130972202,"sku":"215-6","price":22.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 8\" (20 cm)","offer_id":43847131004970,"sku":"215-8","price":29.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 10\" (25 cm)","offer_id":43847131037738,"sku":"215-10","price":36.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 12\" (30 cm)","offer_id":43847131070506,"sku":"215-12","price":42.96,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 14\" (36 cm)","offer_id":43847131103274,"sku":"215-14","price":49.62,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 16\" (40 cm)","offer_id":43847131136042,"sku":"215-16","price":56.28,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 18\" (46 cm)","offer_id":43847131168810,"sku":"215-18","price":62.94,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 24\" (61 cm)","offer_id":43847131201578,"sku":"215-24","price":82.92,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 30\" (76 cm)","offer_id":43847131234346,"sku":"215-30","price":102.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 36\" (91 cm)","offer_id":43847131267114,"sku":"215-36","price":127.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 49.2\" (1.25 m)","offer_id":43847131299882,"sku":"215-half","price":163.93,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.75\" x .052\" WT (19.1mm OD * 16.4mm ID - 1.32mm WT) \/ 98.4\" (2.5 m)","offer_id":43847131332650,"sku":"215-full","price":327.85,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 1\" (25 mm)","offer_id":43847124680746,"sku":"219-1","price":7.07,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 2\" (51 mm)","offer_id":43847130316842,"sku":"219-2","price":10.81,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 3\" (76 mm)","offer_id":43847130349610,"sku":"219-3","price":14.55,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 4\" (102 mm)","offer_id":43847130382378,"sku":"219-4","price":18.29,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 5\" (127 mm)","offer_id":43847130415146,"sku":"219-5","price":22.03,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 6\" (15 cm)","offer_id":43847130447914,"sku":"219-6","price":25.77,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 8\" (20 cm)","offer_id":43847130480682,"sku":"219-8","price":33.26,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 10\" (25 cm)","offer_id":43847130513450,"sku":"219-10","price":40.74,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 12\" (30 cm)","offer_id":43847130546218,"sku":"219-12","price":48.22,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 14\" (36 cm)","offer_id":43847130578986,"sku":"219-14","price":55.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 16\" (40 cm)","offer_id":43847130611754,"sku":"219-16","price":63.18,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 18\" (46 cm)","offer_id":43847130644522,"sku":"219-18","price":70.66,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 1.65mm WT) \/ 24\" (61 cm)","offer_id":43847130677290,"sku":"219-24","price":93.11,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1.0\" x .065\" WT  (25.4mm OD * 22.1mm ID - 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